Sunday, January 10, 2016

The History of Backgammon

Below is arguably the most comprehensive article to date on the Backgammon World Championships.
Contents

    Acknowledgements
    Prince Alexis Obolensky
    1964–1970: International Tournament, Bahamas
    1967–1975: Unofficial World Championships, Las Vegas
    1976–1978: European Championships, Monte Carlo
    1976–1978: Official World Championships, Bahamas
    1979–2008: Official World Championships, Monte Carlo (Championship Flight)
    Facts and Figures
    Issues of Contention
    Bibliography and Further Reading

Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge to date the efforts of Chris Bray, Carol Joy Cole, Bill Davis and Hardy Hübener in assisting to make this research more complete than it otherwise would be. In time, I'm hoping that the number of gaps remaining will be minimal.
Prince Alexis Obolensky
Prince Alexis Alexeevich 'Oby' Obolensky (b. 1914, St. Petersburg, Russia; d. February 8, 1986, New York, USA) was an aristocratic socialite whose family fled from Russia to Istanbul after the Revolution of 1917. Obolensky, sometimes referred to as the "father of modern backgammon", was taught the game as a child by the family's gardener. Years later, Obolensky emigrated from Turkey to the United States and travelled the world promoting the game, co-founding the World Backgammon Club and becoming its president, while Joseph Pasternack became Chief Operating Officer.
1964–1970: International Tournament, Bahamas
Obolensky organised the first of a series of international backgammon tournaments in March 1964 when a friend of his opened the Lucayan Beach Hotel in Freeport, Bahamas (a city on the island of Grand Bahama, located approximately 160 km east-northeast of Fort Lauderdale), offering him $10,000 to gather a jet-set backgammon crowd and to fly them down for the hotel's opening. An invitational field of 32 (or 40?) players were in attendance and the Obolensky Cup was presented to Charles Wacker III of Chicago when he defeated Porter Ijams of New York in the final. In the following years, similar events were staged in the USA, Britain and other European countries.
Year     Ent     Winner     Runner-Up
1964     32     Charles Wacker III, USA     Porter Ijams, USA
1965         John Crawford, USA    
1966         Oswald Jacoby, USA    
1967         Oswald Jacoby, USA    
1968         Oswald Jacoby, USA    
1969         Walter Cooke, USA    
1970         Walter Cooke, USA    
1967–1975: Unofficial World Championships, Las Vegas

    The World Championships held in Las Vegas are considered to be unofficial, although the winners are generally accepted to be World Champion.
    1967: Obolensky founded The World Backgammon Club as a vehicle to promote backgammon to a new generation of players, and staged the first tournament with the title 'World Championship' in Las Vegas. The event was held in February (?) at the Sands Hotel and Tim Holland of the United States became the first backgammon World Champion.
    1969: Some reports that the event did not take place (reasons unknown), other reports that it was indeed held and Alice Topping won.
    1970: Appears to be universally accepted that the event did not take place (reasons unknown).
    1972: Obolensky founds the Backgammon Association of America which created a standardized set of rules and organized national tournaments.
    1975: While there are some reports that the event was held in the Bahamas, the July issue of Backgammon News reports that the event was held in Las Vegas, was recognised as the 7th World Championship, with the winner receiving the Wacker Cup, which was donated by Chicago's Charles Wacker III (winner of the inaugural International Tournament in the Bahamas, 1964).

Year     Ent     Winner     Runner-Up     Score
1967         Tim Holland, USA         25–
1968         Tim Holland, USA         25–
1969         Alice Topping?, USA        
1970         [not held]        
1971         Tim Holland, USA         25–
1972         Oswald Jacoby, USA     Edward Burns, USA     25–19
1973     270?     Carol Crawford, USA     Lewis Deyong, USA     25–
1974         Claude Beer, USA     Philip Martyn, GBR     25–
1975     350?     Billy Eisenberg, USA     Arthur Dickman, USA     25–21
1976–1978: European Championships, Monte Carlo
Winners of the European Championships held in Monte Carlo are generally considered to be unofficial World Champions.
    1976–78: The Monte Carlo event is actually called the "European Championships."

Year     Ent     Finalists     Score     Semifinalists
1976         Joe Dwek, USA (W)
Kiumars Motakhasses, IRN     25–    
1977         Jean-Noël Grinda, FRA (W)
Bob Brinig, USA     25–24     Hermes Michelides, GBR
R. Maizel, ISR
1978         Richard de Surmont, FRA (W)
Kal Robinson, USA     25–    
1976–1978: Official World Championships, Bahamas

    1976: Lewis Deyong, a London businessman, schedules the first official World Championship to be held in the Bahamas in February at Paradise Island.

Year     Ent     Finalists     Score     Semifinalists
1976         Baron Vernon Ball, USA (W)
Arthur Dickman, USA     25–    
1977         Ken Goodman, USA (W)
Jim Crosby, USA     25–24     Jason Lester, USA
Alan Lorenz, GBR
1978     256     Paul Magriel, USA (W)
Kal Robinson, USA     25–     Kent Goulding, USA
Al Hodis, USA
1979–2008: Official World Championships, Monte Carlo (Championship Flight)

    1979: Lewis Deyong combines the Monte Carlo 'European Championship' and the Bahamas 'World Championship', creating a single event in Monte Carlo.
    1995: The last time the Backgammon World Championship (280) attracts more players than the World Series of Poker (273).
    2003: Internet qualifier Chris Moneymaker wins the World Series of Poker, and the popularity of poker booms exponentially.
    2005: The World Series of Poker moves from Binion's Casino in April/May to Harrah's Rio in June/July, thus conflicting with the World Championships of Backgammon.
    2007: Over 100 of the world's best players converge upon Paradise Island, Bahamas in January for the inaugural $10,000 buy-in PartyGammon Million event, the brain-child of Michael Strato, Stephen Pearson, and Susana Major. In the final, Andreas Märtens of Germany defeated Lasse Madsen of Denmark at double match point, 23–22, to take home the winner's cheque of $600,400, Lasse collecting $144,096 as runner-up.
    2008: The second PartyGammon Million event, planned as a Mediterranean cruise from Venice, Italy, is cancelled.

Year     Ent     Finalists     Score     Semifinalists
1979     305     Luigi Villa, ITA (W)
Jeff Westheimer, USA     25–22    
1980         Walter Coratella, MEX (W)
Al Hodis, USA     25–     Luigi Villa, ITA
Roger Low, USA
1981     250     Lee Genud, USA (W)
Joe Dwek, GBR     25–19     Phillip Swart, GBR
Michel Camhi, FRA
1982         Jacques Michel, CHE (W)
Mike Corbett, USA     25–     Frank Gosenhauser, ZAF
Peter Blachian, DEU
1983         Bill Robertie, USA (W)
Simon Naim, CHN     25–     Adrian Swart, ISR
Gabriel Horowitz, USA
1984         Mike Svobodny, USA (W)
Uli Koch, DEU     25–    
1985         Charles-Henri Sabet, CHE (W)
Shimon Kagan, ISR     25–24?    
1986         Clement Palacci, ITA (W)
Lorenzo Tizzani, ITA     25–    
1987         Bill Robertie, USA (W)
Jerry Grandell, SWE     25–17     Gerard Duguet-Grasser, FRA
Sam Hanna , USA
1988         Phillip Marmorstein, DEU (W)
Ron Rubin, USA     25–    
1989     248     Joseph Russell, USA (W)
Mika Lidov, USA     25–     Jim Jacoby, USA
Evert Van Eyck, NLD
1990     217     Hal Heinrich, CAN (W)
Freddie Narboni, FRA     25–     Ian McFarlane, BRA Josef Tissona, ISR
1991     234     Michael Meyburg, DEU (W)
Gerhard Mauerer, DEU     25–     George Vadiakas, GRE
John Koonmen, USA
1992     234     Ion Ressu, ROU (W)
John Simon, GBR     25–     Alvaro Savio, BRA Joel Silverman, USA
1993     196     Peter Jes Thomsen, DNK (W)
John Sjølin, DNK     25–23?     Rageb Shadallah, USA
Irfan Mizirakci, TUR
1994     200     Frank Frigo, USA (W)
Peter Jes Thomsen, DNK     25–17     David Eshed, ISR
Bill Robertie, USA
1995     280     David Ben-Zion, ISR (W)
Josef Tissona, ISR     25–23     Frederik Reinholdsen, SWE
Ricardo Spinola, BRA
1996     185     David Nahmad, LBN (W)
Shlomo Vahab, ISR     25–24?     Manfred Hollerderer, DEU
Dirk Schiemann, DEU
1997     213     Jerry Grandell, SWE (W)
Frederic Banjout, FRA     25–17     Neville Eber, ZAF
Philippe Marmorstein, DEU
1998     220     Michael Meyburg, DEU (W)
Elliot Winslow, USA     25–20     Rageb Shadallah, USA
Achim Müller, DEU
1999     231     Jørgen Granstedt, SWE (W)
Gadi Carmeli, ISR     25–10     Mario Sacchi, ITA
Mario Sequeira, PRT
2000     267     Katie Scalamandre, USA (W)
Thomas Holm, DNK     25–20     Christian Liebe-Harkort, DEU
George Vadiakas, GRC
2001     288     Jørgen Granstedt, SWE (W)
Thomas Holm, DNK     25–16     Morten Holm, DNK
Mario Kühl, DEU
2002     281     Mads Andersen, DNK (W)
Felix Ziva, ISR     25–23     Jan Bloxham, DNK
Veronika Dabul, ARG
2003     271     Jon Røyset, NOR (W)
Moshe Tissona, ISR     25–20     Dirk Schiemann, DEU
Katja Spillum, NOR
2004     276     Peter Hallberg, DNK (W)
Bob Wachtel, USA     25–22     Dag Ekmark, NOR
Serge Engelhardt, DEU
2005     238     Dennis Carlston, USA (W)
John O'Hagan, USA     25–24     Gil Davidovitz, ISR
Gerard Duruz, CHE
2006     212     Philip Vischjager, NLD (W)
Luigi Villa, ITA     25–23     Andreas Humke, DEU
Kazuhiro Shino, JPN
2007     218     Jorge Pan, ARG (W)
Alvaro Savio, BRA     25–23     Jan Jacobowitz, DEU
Richard Munitz, USA
Facts and Figures
As of 2007, the entry fee for the World Championships is €1,000, the registration fee is €235, while the prize money was €78,480, €26,160 and €13,080 respectively for the winner, runner-up and semi-finalists. Tournament entry is strictly by invitation only, and the minimum age requirement is 21.

Disregarding the Monte Carlo "European" Championships of 1976–78, below are some country, region, gender and event location statistics:

    Winner    Runner-Up    Semifinalist
USA    19    14    14
DNK    3    4    2
DEU    3    2    12
SWE    3    1    1
ITA    2    2    2
CHE    2    0    1
ISR    1    6    4
ARG    1    0    1
NLD    1    0    1
CAN    1    0    0
LEB    1    0    0
MEX    1    0    0
ROU    1    0    0
NOR    1    0    2
GBR    0    3    2
FRA    0    2    2
BRA    0    1    3
CHN    0    1    0
GRC    0    0    2
ZAF    0    0    2
JPN    0    0    1
PRT    0    0    1
TUR    0    0    1

    Winner    Runner-Up    Semifinalist
Male    34    35    51
Female    4    1    2

    Winner    Runner-Up    Semifinalist
North America     21     14     14
Europe     16     14     29
Middle East     2     6     4
South America     1     1     4
Asia     0     1     1
Africa     0     0     2
Oceania     0     0     0

Location    
Monte Carlo
(1979–2007)     29
Las Vegas
(1967–69, 1971–75)     8
Bahamas
(1976–78)     3
Issues of Contention
While there are many gaps in the results tables above, there are a few pieces of conflicting information. For example, was an event held in 1969, and was it won by the American Alice Topping? Some sources report this, yet other evidence indicates that no event was held at all. The July 1975 issue of Backgammon News reports that that year's event was recognised as the 7th World Championship, and working back, that would support the fact that no event was held in 1969 or 1970.

That same report lists the 1975 Championship as being held in Las Vegas (as does this photo taken by the late Michael "Max" Maxakuli), while other sources report the event being held in the Bahamas.
Bibliography and Further Reading